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The introduction of Uncertainty Principle

      Werner Heisenberg, born in Germany Wurzburg at 1901. When he was in university, he first applied to study under Ferdinand von Lindermann, a math professor. But Ferdinand rejected Heisenberg, so Heisenberg changed his mind and chose to study under Sommerfeld, a physic professor.

      One time, Heisenberg was studied of the model of electron's motion in atom. In order to solving the model Heisenberg created a new operation "Matrix." Well, Heisenberg wasn't the first man using matrix, matrix has been using in math for a long time since Arthur Cayley first created it in 1858. But, Heisenberg didn't notice it, so he created matrix again by himself!

      Because Heisenberg used matrix to solve the problem, there existed a new subject "Matrix Mechanics." But I think the most important result of using matrix is that Heisenberg discovered a new theorem "Uncertainty Principle."

  Werner Heisenberg

(https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heisenberg_10.jpg)

Matter Wave: is electron particle or wave?

      Prince Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, a France teenager, got a paper from his brother when he was 19. Because of this paper Louis de Broglie decided to devoted himself in physic, and this decision is going to improve wave to another goal.

Louis de Broglie

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Broglie_Big.jpg/150px-Broglie_Big.jpg)

      A.D. 1924, Louis de Broglie found that if we consider two equation together, E = mc^2 and E = hμ, than we can get that μ = mc^2/h. This new equation told us that for any particle that has mass, it will exist a wave with it. Louis de Broglie called this wave "phase wave", and explained the act of electron with it. Louis de Broglie got his PHD with this crazy thinking paper, but most of the physicist can't believe with this theorem and told Louis de Broglie unless they saw the diffraction of electron, they won't agree with "phase wave."

 C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Davisson_and_Germer.jpg/200px-Davisson_and_Germer.jpg)

      A year later, C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer were going to proved that Louis de Broglie was right by a explosion they made in lab. After the accident, the result of the experiment changed severely and they have no choice but stopped the experiment. 1927, Davisson founded that the reason why the result changed was because of the diffraction of electron!!!

 G.P. Thomson

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/George_Paget_Thomson.jpg/220px-George_Paget_Thomson.jpg)

      At same year, G.P. Thomson made the experiment of electron diffraction successfully and won the Nobel Prize of Physic with Davisson in 1937. What a coincident!! J.J Thomson won the Nobel Prize of Physic by founded a new "particle" called electron, but his son G.P. Thomson won the same prize by proved that electron can act as "wave."

Light act as Particle??

       After Hertz finished his significant experiment we can absolutely say that light is a kind of wave. But, when we observe the feature of light in a very small field, something strange happened! First, I should introduce one scientist, Max Planck, the pioneer of  quantum mechanics.

Max Planck

(https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg)

      December 14(Quantum Day), 1900, Planck said to the whole world that energy shouldn't be continuous, there exist a basic amount of energy, called quantum. What did Planck meant? That means in the world, there's no energy equals half quantum, 4/3 quantum, it's like we can never pay with 1/2 NTD. Planck gave out a really crazy theorem and there's a crazy man who knew that how important quantum is to light

Albert Einstein

(https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg)

      A.D. 1905, Bern Switzerland, there's a civil servant worked in patent office, the man called "Albert Einstein.".He found out that if we regarded light with quantum, Photoelectric Effect can be easily solved. We can assume light is consisted with some quantum which Einstein called it "light quanta."(1926, G.N.Lewis changed the name to photon) With is rebellious theorem Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physic in 1921.

    Isn't light a kind of wave?? Why Einstein say that we should assumed there exist photon, isn't this mean that light is particle? NO!! Einstein didn't said that light is particle but said that light act like particle in certain conditions. What a strange theorem???

Radio: the application of electromagnetic radiation

      Last time, we talk to the part that Hertz observed the electromagnetic radiation and made a conclusion that light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation. Although Hertz is the first man who observed electromagnetic radiation, he didn't concentrate on the application on electromagnetic radiation. Hertz even said that "It's of no use whatsoever, this is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right." Now, radio is using all over the world, it's because two man who devoted in developed the wireless communication.

Guglielmo Marconi

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg)

      A.D.1864, Guglielmo Marconi transported the electromagnetic radiation in the distance of few centimeter. 1896, Marconi got the patent right of radio in England. After a year, Marconi founded a company of radio transmission, it will become the famous company "Marconi Company" in future.

Nikola Tesla

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/N.Tesla.JPG/220px-N.Tesla.JPG)

      A.D.1893, Nikola Tesla displayed wireless communication to public. 7 years later, Tesla got the patent right of radio in USA. However, USA cancelled the patent right of Tesla and gave it to Marconi in 1904. Nikola Tesla pasted away with the sorrow about radio's patent right in January 7, 1943.

Nicola Tesla's patent right of radio transmission

(https://i1.read01.com/image.php?url=0CzhHO0B)

June 21, 1943, USA gave the patent right of radio back to Tesla. But some scholar think the reason is not because USA really think Tesla is the first man who create wireless communication, the truth is USA didn't want to pay the huge amount of money to Marconi Company because of using radio during WW1.

      By the way, Guglielmo Marconi got the Nobel Prize in Physic in 1909.

Light is absolutely WAVE

       A.D.1865, James Clerk Maxwell announced a equation set of electromagnetism called Maxwell's equation. Most of us knows that Maxwell's equation combined electrical science and Magnetostatics together with 4 equations. But the equation set that Maxwell announced at 1865 has 20 equations in the set, not as which high school text book says. With the equation set, Maxwell predict that light is a kind of wave and precisely Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR).

       James Clerk Maxwell

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/James_Clerk_Maxwell.png)

22 years later, Hertz was addicted with the instruments in a lab at Karlsruhe Germany. He's going to make a incredible experiment that has be called as one of the most important experiment in physic. With the experiment, Hertz observed the Electromagnetic radiation by his own eyes!! Observe EMR was already a inspiring achievement but there's still more discover. With the information this experiment showed, Hertz calculated the speed of EMR and the speed is absolutely 300 thousand km per second (the speed of light).

       Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz.jpg)

With the result of Hertz's experiment, the war of light is particle or wave took a bow. Through hundreds of year, wave group knocked down the particle group and with the theory Newton and Maxwell gave physic reached a successful realm.

 Hertz's experiment

(http://pic.pimg.tw/zitolife/1401206733-3362421011_l.jpg)

Light is not PARTICLE !!

     Last time, we talk to the part that public usually agreed the opinion of Newton. But, nowadays we know light shouldn’t regarded as particles. There must be someone who confirmed that light wasn’t particle, and the first guy we will talk about is “Thomas Young”.

 Thomas Young

(http://67.media.tumblr.com/ef4a651642a462781de5bdacbf1be1f3/tumblr_mhlpv7GKA71qig6iso1_500.jpg)

     Thomas Young born at Milverton England and he is a real real real genius. He could speak 10 language when he was only 16, studied medical science when his 19. Although Young was so incredible in different field, we concern on the contribution on physic. When Young was 34 he published a book, in his book there’s a famous experiment “Double-slit experiment”. This experiment trivially showed that light shouldn’t be a kind of particle.But there’s still something wrong with the wave theory.

Double Interference Experiment

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-slit_experiment)

     Augustin Fresnel, engineer from France, gave out a paper of the solve of light diffraction problems using mathematical inference. With the model Fresnel gave there should exist a spot in the middle of the shadow, if we place a light bulb in front of a plat. It sound impossible in the past (it sound quite strange in recent too), but experiment showed that it really pop out a spot!!!!The spot is called Arago spot. There is a misunderstanding about Arago spot, but I’m not going to talk about it.

 Augustin Fresnel

(http://www.sabix.org/bulletin/b37/fresnel.jpg)

     With the events above it’s almost sure that light is a kind of wave, but there’s still some important men we should know, for example “James Clerk Maxwell”.

LIGHT: Particle or Wave??

     Light, a kind of wave that exist all over the world. In recent years everyone knows that light is a genre of wave, but how did people in ancient years thought about light?  Wave or Particle?

     Robert Hooke, one of the fellows of the Royal Society, published a book called “Micrographia” which supported that light is a kind of wave in 1665. A few years past, Isaac Newton, the one that you know, wrote a letter to the Royal Society. In the letter, Newton thought that light is particle. However, Newton was still a nobody in 1672 so Hooke make a negative comment on Newton’s letter by tart words. You know that Newton is so narrow-minded, Newton was so angry about Hooke’s comment. From then on, Newton saw Hooke as a rival in his lifetime.

     But, what happen next? Newton became stronger and stronger, therefore, the public approbated that light was particle. At that time, Newton’s main rival was Christiaan Huygens, who followed the thought of Hooke. Huygens usually gave a great treatise of light is a kind of wave. But Huygens didn’t win the heart of the public back, because Newton was too incredible in physic. How incredible? Everyone knew Newton when they were three cause an apple hit on Newton’s head.

     Here is some extra story about Newton. After Hooke passed away Newton became the chairman of the Royal Society. Someone says that the reason why there’s no even one picture of Hooke left is because Newton destroyed all of Hooke’s picture with his power of chairman. Frankly speaking, It’s quite a thing that Newton would done.

picture of Robert Hooke(Disputed)
https://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/file/view/Robert%20Hooke%20Scientist%20Portrait%20Pic%20for%20Science%20Report.jpg/453249832/Robert%20Hooke%20Scientist%20Portrait%20Pic%20for%20Science%20Report.jpg